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Wakako Kumakura: To Whom Does the Water Belong?

Publish: October 20, 2023

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  • Wakako Kumakura

    Faculty of Economics Professor

    Specialization / Medieval and Early Modern Egyptian History

    Wakako Kumakura

    Faculty of Economics Professor

    Specialization / Medieval and Early Modern Egyptian History

For about the last 10 years, I have been researching the history of water management in Egypt. Unlike land, water is elusive. While it is something that changes shape and disappears, it is indispensable to human life. My interest in water was sparked by an event during my time in Doctoral Programs. After finishing two years of study in Cairo, I supported myself until the submission of my doctoral dissertation by working part-time as a production assistant for a television program. Whenever there was a shoot, I would fly to Egypt to handle interpretation and logistics management on-site.

A shoot inside the pyramids held in August of one year was grueling. We were filming inside the Great Pyramid of Khufu, the largest of the famous three Giza pyramids. From the entrance to the burial chamber, narrow corridors with steep angles continue. Large equipment had to be carried in there. The people responsible for that work were Egyptians hired locally. I explained to them what to carry where and took on part of the on-site direction. Even in an arid region, the humidity inside the pyramids in midsummer is high due to the sweat emitted by humans, and the smell is intense. Everyone repeatedly carried heavy equipment up and down while dripping with sweat.

Once the general work was finished, the workers gathered around me, asking for water. At my feet, plastic bottles were well-chilled in a cooler box, but those were drinks for the actors and staff who had come from Japan. I wanted to give a bottle of water to each of them after their grueling work, but I was stopped by one of the staff members next to me. When I apologized to them, I heard a voice from among them say, "Is the water only yours?" As if in response, everyone started saying, "This is the desert; if someone is thirsty, giving them water is what makes you human, isn't it?" I waited for the moment the staff left the site and handed the plastic bottles to them.

After returning to Japan, I couldn't get this incident out of my head. Even though we were looking at the same thing, it stuck in my mind that on one hand, a plastic bottle was nothing more than an expense, while on the other, water was life. It was an ethical issue and, at the same time, an issue concerning ownership. At the time, I was engrossed in the history of land systems, but this incident led to the question of who managed and used the water drawn to the land in the first place, and how. You never know where the seeds of historical research might fall.

*Affiliations and titles are as of the time of publication.